Since the eight reactions were run on fragments of random length, the eight plus and minus reactions collectively produced DNA fragments of all possible lengths.4 The fragments in these eight reactions were separated by size (using gel electrophoresis) and then imaged with autoradiography. Gels were dried and then placed against X-ray film, allowing the radioactive DNA fragments to expose the film and appear as dark bands, which a scientist could then painstakingly translate into the DNA sequence. In 1977, Sanger and colleagues sequenced the first full DNA genome using this method: a small bacterial virus with 5,386 nucleotides in its genome, called ɸX174 or “PhiX.”
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2026年2月28日，在伊朗德黑兰拍摄的爆炸引发的浓烟（图：新华社）。heLLoword翻译官方下载对此有专业解读
unstable and emits beta radiation, which the ATM detected with a simple